The History of the Italian Language

You’re always hearing that Italian is a romance language, and that’s because linguistically speaking, it’s a member of the Romance group of the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages. It is spoken principally in the Italian peninsula, southern Switzerland, San Marino, Sicily, Corsica, northern Sardinia, and on the northeastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, as well as in North and South America. Like the other Romance languages, Italian is a direct offspring of the Latin spoken by the Romans and imposed by them on the peoples under their dominion. However, Italian is unique in that of all the major Romance languages, it retains the closest resemblance to Latin. Nowadays, it’s considered one language with many different dialects. Development During the long period of Italian’s evolution, many dialects sprang up, and the multiplicity of these dialects and their claims upon their native speakers as pure Italian speech presented a peculiar difficulty in choosing a version that would reflect the cultural unity of the entire peninsula. Even the earliest popular Italian documents, produced in the 10th century, are dialectal in language, and during the following three centuries Italian writers wrote in their native dialects, producing a number of competing regional schools of literature. During the 14th century, the Tuscan dialect began to dominate. This may have happened because of Tuscany’s central position in Italy and because of the aggressive commerce of its most important city, Florence. Moreover, of all the Italian dialects, Tuscan has the greatest similarity in morphology and phonology from classical Latin, which makes it harmonize best with the Italian traditions of Latin culture. Finally, Florentine culture produced the three literary artists who best summarized Italian thought and feeling of the late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance: Dante, Petrarca, and Boccaccio. The First 13th Century Texts In the first half of the 13th century, Florence was preoccupied with the development of trade. Then interest began to broaden, especially under the lively influence of Latini. Brunetto Latini (1220-94): Latini was exiled to Paris from 1260 to 1266 and became a link between France and Tuscany. He wrote the Trà ¨sor (in French) and the Tesoretto (in Italian) and contributed to the development of allegorical and didactic poetry, along with a tradition of rhetoric upon which dolce stil nuovo and Divine Comedy were based.The dolce stil nuovo (1270-1310): Although in theory they continued the Provenà §al tradition and counted themselves members of the Sicilian School of Federico IIs reign, the Florentine writers went their own way. They used all their knowledge of science and philosophy in a delicate and detailed analysis of love. Among them were Guido Cavalcanti and the young Dante.The Chroniclers: These were men of the merchant class whose involvement in city affairs inspired them to write tales in the vulgar tongue. Some, such as Dino Compagni (d. 1324), wrote about local conflicts and rivalries; others, like Giovanni Villani (d. 1348), took on much wider E uropean events as their subject. The Three Jewels in the Crown Dante Alighieri (1265-1321): Dantes Divine Comedy is one of the great works of world literature, and it was also proof that in literature the vulgar tongue could rival Latin. He had already defended his argument in two unfinished treatises, De vulgari eloquentia and Convivio, but to prove his point it needed the Divine Comedy, this masterpiece in which Italians rediscovered their language in sublime form (Bruno Migliorini).Petrarch (1304-74): Francesco Petrarca was born in Arezzo since his father was in exile from Florence. He was a passionate admirer of ancient Roman civilization and one of the great early Renaissance humanists, creating a Republic of Letters. His philological work was highly respected, as were his translations from Latin into the Vulgate, and also his Latin works. But it’s Petrarchs love poetry, written in the vulgar tongue, that keeps his name alive today. His Canzoniere had enormous influence on the poets of the 15th and 16th centuries.Boccaccio (1313-75): This was a man from the rising commercial classes, whose principal work, ​​Decameron, has been described as a merchants epic. It consists of one hundred stories told by characters who are also part of a story that provides the setting for the whole, much like The Arabian Nights. The work was to become a model for fiction and prose writing. Boccaccio was the first to write a commentary on Dante, and he was also a friend and disciple of Petrarch. Around him gathered enthusiasts of the new humanism. La Questione Della Lingua The question of the language, an attempt to establish linguistic norms and codify the language, engrossed writers of all persuasions. Grammarians during the 15th and the 16th centuries attempted to confer upon the pronunciation, syntax, and vocabulary of 14th-century Tuscan the status of a central and classical Italian speech. Eventually, this classicism, which might have made Italian another dead language, was widened to include the organic changes inevitable in a living tongue. In the dictionaries and publications of the, founded in 1583, which was accepted by Italians as authoritative in Italian linguistic matters, compromises between classical purism and living Tuscan usage were successfully effected. The most important literary event of the 16th century did not take place in Florence. In 1525 the Venetian Pietro Bembo (1470-1547) set out his proposals (Prose della volgar lingua - 1525) for a standardized language and style: Petrarca and Boccaccio were his models and thus became the modern classics. Therefore, the language of Italian literature is modeled on Florence in the 15th century. Modern Italian It wasn’t until the 19th century that the language spoken by educated Tuscans spread far enough to become the language of the new nation. The unification of Italy in 1861 had a profound impact not only on the political scene but also resulted in a significant social, economic, and cultural transformation. With mandatory schooling, the literacy rate increased, and many speakers abandoned their native dialect in favor of the national language.

I Know The Typical Symptoms Of Schizophrenia, Such As...

I know the typical symptoms of schizophrenia, such as socially isolated, no mood or out of control, the false sensors and beliefs, thinking and language problems. There is no single treatment working the best, the treatments usually involve antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy. To take care of patient with schizophrenia, We first need consult with psychiatrist and clinical psychologist, they can give us the professional suggestions based on patient s condition. In addition of the professional treatments mentioned above, the most important is the family care. We can tell the important role of the supports and love from family. Without the love and care from John s wife, he probably could not get back to work. We will have to†¦show more content†¦Genetics are the dominant cause, a person will be vulnerable of developing this disorder and have a greater risk if any of his family member with schizophrenia. But that doesn t mean the person will have schizophrenia for sure. That will depend on the environmental stressors. Once the stress exceeds a threshold, the person will develop this disorder. And the threshold of different individual is also different, which is influenced by genetics or biology. From the symptoms of false senses and beliefs with schizophrenia, we can tell the temporal and occipital lobes of brain must not function well. And the patient with schizophrenia often cannot think appropriately indicating the damage in frontal lobe. Both the nature and nurture causes were mentioned in the document film. John s son also suffered from schizophrenia indicated the nature cause. The outside stressors, such as pregnancy of John s wife and the stress from his work, made his schizophrenia worse. John was placed in a mental hospital and treated with shock therapy and insulin. I think these treatments worked for John. Because the treatments reduced John s symptoms of schizophrenia, he realized that his hallucinations and delusions were not true any longer. When he came back to home, doctor gave him the medicine, Thorazine. This medicine affected his thinking, so John gave it up. But once he stopped this medicine, his hallucinations returned back. That means theShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1476 Words   |  6 Pages Schizophrenia, paranoid type was researched in terms of diagnostic criteria based on many different actions that affect people in multiple ways. Schizophrenia is a disease in the brain that is an emotionally draining illness that can affect the victim along with anyone in contact with the victim. RB a young man has a diagnosis of schizophrenia, paranoid type. He lives at home with a loving family and he was always socially active and great student. 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Qmont Mining free essay sample

Immediate Issues How to proceed on this summer project? Does the supply system for remote locations make sense? Basic Issues 1. Centralization of supply 2. Designing a supply system 3. Supply research 4. Small orders 5. Remote locations 6. Use of interns 7. Rush orders If you were in the position of Alice Winter, what would be your analysis of your research findings to date and what steps would you recommend next for your summer project? 1. Did it make sense to start the project by looking at supplier invoices?I believe that did make sense to track the products and inventory that goes to the site so she can see the differences compared to other sites. This way she can isolate specific anomolys in the supply chain and decide how to address them. 2. Did the choice of three sites over a four-month period represent a reasonable sample? The sample is large enough for a quick idea about the supply chain to these remote sites. We will write a custom essay sample on Qmont Mining or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It probably would have been helpful to have a larger sample size its more than 10% so it defintly works. Since this is a summer project it can give Qmont an idea of how to fix things. 3. What additional information would be helpful? It would been helpful to know how urgently the parts were needed and what a reasonable downtime is. If it cost less in downtime than a rush delivery airplane than what is an acceptable time to wait. Is it feasible to wait and ship multiple items on the plane therefore reducing trips being made. 4. Is it possible to draw some tentative conclusions on this project?I believe so because if these three sites have basically the same problems and cost than it will translate to the other sites. I do think they should do a more indepth investigation on the situation for a larger amount of time. 5. What other industries might face similar supply challenges? I can see offshore drilling companys having the same type of problems with the supply chain. I can also see remote airfields and military installations developing the same problems.